Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases faced by people in different parts of the world and age does not really matter.
According to statistics, about 250 million people suffer from one form or another of the disease.The real number of patients exceeds the official data, as many are not aware of the existing violations.
Children mostly suffer from a disease whose manifestations cannot always be detected in time due to the mild symptoms.
Due to carelessness, patients do not consult an endocrinologist who can identify the problem and make a diagnosis.
In order to avoid an unpleasant situation, you need to study in detail what is meant by diabetes mellitus, what are the predisposing factors, symptoms, and treatment methods.
What is diabetes mellitus?
This pathology is characterized by an insufficient level of insulin in the body, which is a peptide hormone that is concentrated in the cells of the pancreas.Diabetes mellitus manifests itself in the form of many diseases associated with damage to the endocrine system.Active glucose production takes place in the blood, which also increases in the urine, and metabolic processes are destabilized.
If we consider the variations in the body, we find:
- The internal organs are fed with glucose, and if there is not enough of it, starvation occurs.This is due to low or no insulin produced by the cells of the pancreas.When the movement of sugar accumulated in the blood stops, subsequent metabolic development does not occur;
- the cells responsible for transporting the hormone and assimilating glucose at a certain point become immune and do not react in any way to a substance that has not changed;
- sugar is not converted into nutrients, which makes the body starve, while a lot of glucose enters the blood, which has a negative effect on the cells;
- the degree of damage to the endocrine system depends on the severity of the disease and timely treatment;
- It is easier to treat the problem in the early stages, but many patients arrive at the clinic much later, which impairs the implementation of therapeutic measures.
Many doctors do not talk about diabetes as a disease, but agree that the cause of the problem lies in the wrong lifestyle.
You will be able to protect yourself from negative consequences if you change the time of work and rest, follow the recommendations of your doctor, monitor your well-being and blood sugar level.
If measures are not taken, there is a risk of damage to all organs.In advanced cases, the patient is at risk of falling into a coma due to serious complications.Even in the case of minor deviations, it is important to make an appointment with a doctor in time.
Diabetes types 1 and 2
The disease has a classification that allows distinguishing types, each of which has specific characteristics.
We are talking about varieties such as:
- first type, the so-called juvenile, can be seen in adolescents and older patients.It is mainly transmitted to children from close relatives.Beta cells undergo changes that negatively affect their structure.Insulin is produced in a small amount, which is not enough for the normal life of the victim.About 10% have a problem that is largely autoimmune in origin.Sometimes the cause of the pathology is an attack of pancreatitis or death of the pancreas, while the person survives, but the pancreas eventually loses its original properties.The situation does not change over time, it remains for the rest of life;
- second type- due to the deterioration of the metabolism, the hormone stops in the required amount, which causes a relative lack of insulin.Beta cells do not function stably;due to pathological processes, they are unable to perform the functions determined by the body - to produce the necessary substance and reduce glucose in the blood.
Gestational diabetes in women occurs in pregnant women whose serum glucose levels are above the normal range.It is impossible to ignore the observed deviations, since inactivity has a negative effect on the fetus.The disease can get rid of after childbirth, but disorders related to the absorption of this organic compound can also occur in women who initially do not complain of poor health.
There are other types, when the situation develops negatively due to the use of drugs, destabilization of the endocrine system, malfunction of the pancreas, and the like.
Symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
The first type has a chronic form, it is temporary and quickly passes from the initial stage to a more severe one, which occurs due to the harmful effects of various factors.
The distinguishing features are:
- sudden weight loss;
- nocturnal urinary incontinence, which occurs more often in children;
- deterioration of the visual equipment;
- the skin and mucous membranes dry out;
- lack of moisture in the oral cavity, even if the water balance is maintained;
- thirst provokes drinking water in large quantities, exceeding 10 liters;
- itching and purulent formations on the skin;
- frequency of urination, large amount of urine;
- uncontrolled contraction of the muscles of the lower limbs;
- vomiting and nausea - relief after emptying the stomach is temporary;
- irritability;
- loss of strength, inability to work for a long time;
- increased appetite;
- incessant desire to eat after a short time.
One complication is hyperglycemia - an increase in glucose levels that can be fatal.Deterioration, which manifests itself in minimal hair or hair loss on the legs, cannot be ruled out.
The appearance of benign yellowish formations can be observed in the tendons, on the mucous membrane of the internal organs and on the skin.Inflammation on the surface of the genital organs can be observed in both men and women.Bones become fragile and easily susceptible to negative influences from the outside.As for immunity, it practically loses its protective properties.
The symptoms of the second type of diabetes mellitus have some similarities, however, there are manifestations that allow us to determine which type we are dealing with.The following signs can be identified:
- wounds take a long time to heal;
- infection of the epidermis;
- feeling thirsty;
- frequent urination that forces you to go to the toilet day and night;
- exhaustion, slow reaction, sleep disorders;
- the mucous membranes are dry;
- numbness, tingling in the limbs;
- increased appetite due to the pathology of leptin synthesis;
- dry mouth, you need to drink about 3-5 liters a day;
- itching in the groin area - confusion occurs, which prompts you to consult a gynecologist or dermatologist instead of an endocrinologist;
- feeling hungry 1-2 hours after eating;
- swelling of the face and lower legs;
- childhood enuresis, manifested at night;
- hypertension;
- headache and dizziness.
Symptoms appear when the glucose level exceeds the level, which is easily determined by the appearance of sugar in the urine.
Pathogenesis of the disease
Factors triggering the development of diabetes mellitus have been identified.These include:
- heredity - the child's risk of developing the first type of disease increases if the parents have the same diagnosis;
- overweight - 80-90% of patients suffer from overweight, because fat tissue cannot use insulin as intended.Newborns weigh 2.5-3.5 kg;if the indicators increase, the endocrinologist should conduct an examination;
- viruses - they cause disorders of the pancreas, so they can lead to the death of the cells of the digestive system due to rubella, measles, chicken pox previously suffered by a child;
- age-related changes;
- regular stressful situations;
- unhealthy lifestyle and improper diet - a body mass index greater than 30 complicates the situation leading to insulin resistance, the probability of this increases by 2 times.Indicators of 35 or more indicate a 100% probability of diabetes;
- fat deposits around the abdomen;
- malfunction of the pancreas for various reasons, including damage to the organ;
- pathological processes in the endocrine system that occurred due to acromegaly, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome and so on.
We list the primary factors causing the deterioration of the condition;they can have a one-time effect, thereby increasing the threat.Completely healthy people are at risk, so it is recommended to see a doctor.
Sugar level after and before meals
Fasting glucose levels are low, usually in the range of 3.4-5.5 mmol/l.For diabetics, the indicators exceed the specified value and are calculated as follows:
- first type – up to 9.3 mmol/l;
- second type – 8.5 mmol/l.
After eating, the metabolism is activated, as a result of which glucose is released.How much the level of an organic compound increases depends on its assimilation capacity.In practice, the test is not performed when the stomach is full.The most accurate information is information received 1-3 hours after a meal.
Normal blood sugar levels for diabetes in women, men and children over 12 years of age:
- after 1 hour - up to 8.6-8.9;
- after 2 hours - up to 7.0-7.2;
- After 3 hours - up to 5.8-5.9.
For type 1 diabetics with the same duration:
- until 11;
- up to 10-10.3;
- up to 7.5.
If you have type 2 diabetes:
- 9.0;
- 8.7;
- 7.5.
After three or more hours, glucose levels continue to drop until they return to normal.
What are the phases of diabetes?
The classification is based on the degree of development of the pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism, therefore it is divided into the following phases:
- compensation– it was possible to achieve a glucose content corresponding to the natural indicators;
- partial compensation– sometimes the volume of the material increases;
- decompensation- lack of response to insulin, therapy is difficult to implement.
The disease is classified according to the severity of its course;three forms are known.These include:
- light- the improvement of the condition occurs due to the choice of the right diet and diet.The positive effect is evident when following a diet, while the use of hypoglycemic agents has a double benefit.The probability of transition from one stage to another is minimal;
- average- You cannot do without medicines that lower sugar levels.They are used continuously, but they are not able to protect against vascular pathologies;
- difficult- the use of hypoglycemic drugs and insulin, which is sometimes used in combination with other drugs, should not be interrupted.There is a risk of developing encephalopathy, neuropathy and vascular angiopathy.
Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
In addition to the ICD-10 code for type 2 diabetes mellitus being E11 and type 1 diabetes mellitus being E10, it is important to familiarize yourself with the other distinguishing features of these types so that you can get an idea of each and determine the type of disease based on their characteristics.
| Characteristics | First type | Second type |
|---|---|---|
| Period | Autumn, winter, spring | Not noted |
| Cases (%) | 10-20% | 80-90% |
| Not | More often men | More often women |
| Age | Until the age of 40 | Children, adults over 40 |
| Weight | Normal or reduced | Extra kg |
| Development | Transition | It's slow, it doesn't appear bright |
| Vascular disorders | Mostly small | Mostly big |
| Insulin sensitivity of cells | Yes | Low |
| Antibodies against insulin and beta cells | Yes | Not |
| Therapy | Insulin | Diet, glucose-lowering drugs, insulin (later) |
Diagnosis of the disease
Before you learn how to treat diabetes, a blood glucose test is performed, which is the main way to calculate your current and daily glucose levels.
Additional diagnostic measures include polyuria, polygraph, overweight or significant weight loss.The following also apply:
- Ultrasound;
- determination of pathological insulin;
- electrocardiography – study of the electrical fields of the heart;
- Rehberg test - assessment of kidney condition;
- biochemical blood test;
- examination of the fundus.
Based on the information received, a clinical picture is formed, after which a therapeutic technique is recommended.
Type 1 drugs
The main remedy is insulin, but in addition, the doctor prescribes pills that help to cope with glucose metabolism disorders, which is combined with obesity, which aggravates the situation.
We are talking about drugs belonging to the biguanide group, which reduce the acute need for insulin and alleviate the patient's condition.
Insulin lispro
The analogue of insulin produced in the human body acts quickly - 15 minutes after injection.Glucose metabolism is regulated and anti-catabolic and anabolic effects appear in tissues.
The drug proved to be the best in the list of similar drugs;sugar concentration decreases by 22% per day, glycemic data improves.
Insulin glulisine
It is a substitute for human insulin, which has a faster effect, but the result does not last long.
Used on an empty stomach or after a meal, the substance enters the body by injection.The duration of the course and the dose are determined taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient.
Insulin aspart
The latest generation hypoglycemic agent, whose effect is aimed at correcting the glucose level.There are minor differences compared to the human hormone, which allows for faster results.After use, you can start eatinge, as there is no need to take a break.
Hypoglycemia occurs much more easily at night, and the glucose level normalizes.Due to the strong effect, increasing the dose can be avoided.
Medicines for the second type
The species is not as rare as the first type, so many more drugs have been developed to eliminate the problem.
Biguanide
It has a hypoglycemic effect, reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood and does not provoke the production of insulin.
Weight loss, cholesterol, lipoprotein and triglyceride levels decrease.In the first stage of therapy, 2-3 tablets are prescribed every day for 2-3 doses, otherwise indigestion will occur.
The maximum amount is 6 tablets taken in three doses.The dose is gradually increased if there are no complications.Children and adolescents over 10 years of age need 1 tablet a day, after two weeks the dose is adjusted.You should not exceed the course, which consists of 4 tablets per day, divided three times.
Exenatide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist
It is administered with a syringe designed for home procedures.
There is a hormone similar to the hormone produced in the digestive system, which releases a substance when food enters.
Insulin is actively produced, as it has a beneficial effect on the pancreas, which is responsible for the creation of this substance.
Liraglutide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist
They invented a formula to prolong the effect.
Cure - 1 time per day 1 hour before meals.
The procedure must be performed simultaneously, this ensures the activity of the pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract.
DPP-4 inhibitor based on sitagliptin
The tablets are used before or after meals, only a certain time frame must be observed.
You will need 100 mg for 1 daily dose.
It is possible as a separate drug and in combination with other drugs.
Saxagliptin-based DPP-4 inhibitor
It belongs to the category of DPP-4 inhibitors and is suitable for combined and monotherapy.
It becomes a complication of type 1 diabetes that requires insulin after meals.
Vildagliptin-based DPP-4 inhibitor
It is necessary once a day, the necessary dose is 50 mg, the time of the meal does not matter.
The result is maintained throughout the day, while the negative effect of the drug decreases.
How to monitor glucose levels
The patient must independently monitor the sugar concentration.For this purpose, it is advisable to keep a diary in which important notes must be made.You should check your glucose level regularly with a glucometer;do not eat before the observations;should be measured in the morning before and after meals.Based on the data obtained, the diet and lifestyle are adjusted in such a way as to restore the indicators to a normal level.However, you should still have tests at an outpatient clinic, where more reliable information is available.
Documents required for prescribing medicines
A system has been developed that allows those in need to receive insulin for free.The doctor prescribes the patient a prescription, which must be presented with the following list of documents before receiving it:
- ID card;
- health insurance;
- individual insurance policy;
- document indicating disability;
- a document confirming that the patient does not refuse the social package.
Diet for diabetes
An approximate diet for one week was drawn up, which alleviates the patient's condition.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, what can be eaten, appears in the table, where the weekly diet is outlined.
| Morning | Second breakfast | Lunch | Afternoon snack | Dinner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 day | Buckwheat, cottage cheese, milk 1% fat | A glass of milk | Cabbage soup, boiled meat, fruit jelly | Two apples | Cabbage slices, boiled fish, tea |
| Day 2 | Barley porridge, soft egg, cabbage salad | A glass of milk | Mashed potatoes, pickles, boiled beef liver, dried fruit compote | Fruit jelly | A piece of boiled chicken, steamed cabbage, tea.Kefir before bed |
| Day 3 | Cottage cheese with milk, oatmeal, coffee | With a kiss | Meatless borscht, boiled chicken, buckwheat porridge | Two pears | Vinaigrette, egg, tea.Yoghurt before bed |
| 4 days | Buckwheat, cottage cheese, coffee | Kefir | Cabbage soup, lean boiled beef, compote | 1-2 pears | Schnitzel, boiled fish, tea |
| 5 days | Vinaigrette without potatoes 1 tsp.vegetable oil, eggs, coffee, a slice of rye bread with butter | Two apples | Sauerkraut with steamed meat, pea soup | Fresh fruit | Boiled chicken, vegetable pudding, tea.Yoghurt before bed |
| Day 6 | Steamed meat, millet porridge, coffee | Wheat bran decoction | Boiled meat, fish soup, skinny mashed potatoes | Kefir | Oatmeal, cottage cheese, milk, apple |
| Day 7 | Buckwheat, hard-boiled eggs | Two apples | Beef steak, barley pearls, vegetable soup | Milk | Boiled fish, steamed potatoes, vegetable salad, tea.Kefir before bed. |
A natural remedy
Treatment of diabetes with folk remedies is considered one of the ways to eliminate the disease, therefore some of the most effective recipes are considered.
Namely:
- Fill the pot with 1 liter of boiled water, add 100 g of cinnamon powder, mix, add 200 g of honey.Let it stand in a cool place for 3 hours.course - 3 times a day;
- linden blossom 1 tbsp.l.pour 1 glass of boiling water, the decoction can replace black tea;
- put 300 g of peeled garlic and the same amount of parsley root, 100 g of lemon peel in a meat grinder.Place the ground ingredients in a jar, cover with a lid and set aside in a dark, dry place for 2 weeks.Drink 1 tsp.2 times a day;
- grind dried walnut leaves, 1 tbsp.l., pour ½ l of filtered water.Cook for 15 minutes, then remove from the stove and place in a dry place for 1 hour.Filter, take ½ cup three times a day.
You should consult your doctor before use to avoid complications.
Sports and physical education
During physical activity, a lot of glucose is burned, the metabolism and the functioning of the cardiovascular system are also stabilized, so it is important to do at least simple exercises every day.
Overvoltage should not be allowed as it will have negative consequences.The increased appetite forces you to eat large amounts of food, which makes the efforts made earlier lose their meaning.
In case of fatigue, stress occurs, adrenal hormones are released, after which the glucose level rises.
The best options for achieving excellent results are morning exercises, weight exercises, walking, jogging, cycling, swimming.
Prognosis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
If you allow the disease to enter the decompensation stage, you cannot eliminate the problem, as the body's resources are significantly reduced.
It is always easier to overcome the disease in the initial stage than in advanced cases.By choosing the most effective therapy, the patient's condition is alleviated, thereby prolonging his life.The situation can be improved with a healthy lifestyle and physical activity.